Cultural

Kathoey

An old Thai word for people born male who live as women, or somewhere alongside them. It belongs to Thai people. It is used every day and disliked by plenty of the people it describes.

  • One of twenty-two Cultural identities
  • No settled flag
  • 12 min read
A character with a cup of tea in a shop full of plants and pottery

What it is

Kathoey (กะเทย) is Thai. It belongs to Thailand and to Thai people, including Thai people living a long way from home. Related words exist in Lao and Khmer. It did not come from a forum and it cannot be picked up from one.

The word is deliberately wide. Over time it has covered intersex people, trans women, and people who live as women without ever using that word about themselves. Where the edges sit is argued over, in Thai, constantly.

It is contested as a word too. Some people use it about themselves without flinching. Others hear the playground in it and prefer สาวประเภทสอง (sao praphet song, second-type lady) or ผู้หญิงข้ามเพศ (phuying kham phet, trans woman). All three are in live use right now, and no one gets to settle it for everyone else.

Keep reading

There is no ceremonial role attached. Kathoey are not ritual specialists the way some other cultures organise a third gender. This is an ordinary social category — everyone in Thailand knows what it is. That is not the same as being safe.

Thailand is famous abroad for being relaxed about this. Inside it, you can be on television and still be นาย on paper, still be steered into four careers, still be the punchline in the sitcom. Visible is not equal.

If you are not Thai, read on, but the word is not yours to take. The tourist reputation is not an invitation. What you are looking for is probably trans woman, or non-binary, and those pages will fit you better.

Pronouns

In Thai, the argument is not about he and she. เขา (khao), the everyday third-person word, carries no gender at all. What carries gender is how you speak about yourself.

Most kathoey end sentences with the female particle ค่ะ (kha) and use ฉัน (chan) or ดิฉัน (dichan) for I. Plenty use their own nickname instead, which sidesteps the whole thing. Many switch: kha with friends, ครับ (khrap) at the bank.

Your ID card still says นาย (Nai, Mr). Colleagues may call you คุณ (khun) plus your name — polite, and committing to nothing. Sometimes that is kindness. Sometimes it is cowardice.

In English, most kathoey use she and her. Some use they. If you do not know, use the person's name and wait.

Does this sound like you?

The word reached you first as a taunt, from a boy in your class, years before you would ever have chosen it.
You learned early which sentence particle gets you through a given room without incident, and you can switch it in under a second.
At school you stood in the boys' line at assembly, in the boys' uniform, hair cut to the boys' length, and everyone including the teachers treated it as paperwork.
Relatives have been calling it a phase you will grow out of for eleven years and counting.
You know which pharmacy sells the pills without questions, and roughly what your friend paid.
You are dreading the twenty-first birthday draft, or you have already stood in that hall and been looked at and written down.
Someone told you that you are beautiful and, in the same conversation, that you should keep your ID card face down.
Careers advice at school was makeup, hair, or the stage. Never the thing you actually said.

Take the test

Twenty questions, about four minutes, nothing leaves your phone. It suggests. You decide.

Take the test

An ordinary day

Morning is the easy part. Face, hair, the outfit that keeps arguments off you for the day. You already know which carriage on the BTS, or which seat on the bus, and which security guard is fine.

Then the small tolls. The delivery app that greets you as คุณ plus a name you do not use. The new colleague who is friendly and a little too interested. The toilet decision, made in advance, every single time.

Work is mostly just work. Someone does the voice, does the joke. You laugh, because today not laughing costs more than laughing does. It goes on the pile.

Evening: money to your mother, the group chat, and news that a friend was turned down at an interview with a smile and no reason. Nobody is surprised. You sleep and do it again.

What people get wrong

“Thailand is a paradise for people like you.”
Thailand is used to you. That is a different thing. You can be a household name and still carry an ID that says Mr, still be quietly filtered out of a government job, still be put on the wrong ward.
“Kathoey means cabaret, or means sex work.”
Those jobs are visible, especially to tourists. Some kathoey do them, some by choice and some because the other doors shut. Most work in shops, salons, offices, kitchens, clinics and schools, and nobody films that.
“It just means an effeminate gay man.”
Some people the word gets thrown at are men. Many are women and say so plainly. The word does not sort this out for you, which is precisely why a lot of Thai trans women have dropped it.
“It is karma from a past life.”
You will hear this from relatives, from monks, from strangers on a minibus. It is a folk explanation, and it usually arrives attached to a suggestion that you accept less. Thai Buddhism holds more than one view, and the harshest one is not the only one.
“You did all this to catch a rich foreigner.”
Said constantly. Meanwhile Thai men date kathoey in enormous numbers and mostly do it where their families cannot see.
“Every kathoey wants surgery, and every kathoey is beautiful.”
Surgery costs more than most Thai salaries, and your ID does not change afterwards anyway. Plenty put the money into a face, a voice, or a roof for their mother instead. Plenty want none of it.
“The word is a slur, full stop. Or: the word is completely fine, full stop.”
Thai people disagree about this out loud. Age, region, tone and who is speaking all change it. A friend using it across a table is not a stranger using it on a bus.

How it actually plays out

Love

Thai men date kathoey a great deal and take them home to meet the family a great deal less. You may be entirely real on a Tuesday night and invisible at Songkran.

There is a script and you will recognise it: adoring, private, and time-limited, ending when it is his turn to marry a woman and produce a grandchild. Some men break the script. Very few announce it at work.

Since the marriage law came into force you can legally marry a man in Thailand. On paper it registers as a marriage between two men, because the state still reads you as นาย. A real right and a real insult, in one document.

Kathoey date each other. Kathoey date women. Kathoey marry foreigners, and it is sometimes a love story and sometimes an exit, and often both at once — and you are allowed to know which one you are in.

Desire

You get approached as a category before you get approached as a person. The message that opens with a question about your body, before your name, before hello.

Some men want you badly and want nobody to know. That combination is exhausting, and it is not a compliment, whatever he says at one in the morning.

Hormones change things — drive, erections, what feels good, what stops working. Nobody warns you, and the pharmacy counter is not going to.

You do not owe anyone a particular role in bed. The assumption that you are always one thing is an assumption about a category, not about you.

Some kathoey want men. Some want women. Some want both, some want very little, and none of that decides whether the word fits.

The body

If you have gone the medical route at all, it probably started at a pharmacy counter rather than a clinic. Contraceptive pills, then something stronger, dosed by rumour and by whoever in the group looks best. No blood tests, no monitoring, sometimes at fifteen.

The surgeons in Bangkok are among the best anywhere and are priced for people flying in. On a Thai wage, genital surgery is years of saving, and it changes nothing on your ID card. That is why so many spend on the face and the voice first.

Injected silicone is cheap and quick and does damage that arrives ten years later. Everyone knows someone. Please do not.

Then the ordinary body things nobody puts on a poster. Hair with its own opinion. Shoulders. Ageing out of the look that was paying your rent. Being forty and finally not performing.

And plenty of kathoey do nothing medical at all, ever, and are no less kathoey for it.

Work

Some doors open easily: salon, cosmetics counter, cabaret, MC work, hospitality, design, entertainment. These are real careers and some people love them and are extremely good at them.

Some doors stick: government offices, teaching, uniformed work, banks, anything where a contract, a name prefix and a photograph all have to agree with one another.

Kathoey are doctors, engineers, nurses, academics and civil servants anyway. It usually costs an extra decade of being the most careful person in the room.

If you came to Bangkok from Isan or the south, you are also the one sending money back. The job that covers that is often the one you were steered into at sixteen.

Family

The usual shape: your mother knows first and says nothing, your father goes quiet for a few years, and an aunt tells the whole village before you get the chance.

You are often the reliable one. The child who sends money, who comes back at Songkran, who takes the parents to hospital appointments. That reliability buys you room, and it is also the price of the room.

The sharpest piece is merit. In many families a son ordains for a while to make merit for his mother. If that door is shut to you as you are, you find other ways, and the ache of it is not something you explain to foreigners.

Plenty of Thai families are simply fine about it. Also true. Also not evenly handed out.

Coming out

There is often no announcement. Thai families frequently run on everyone knowing and nobody saying, and you may discover you have been out for six years without one conversation.

What actually happens is escalation. Hair, then uniform, then how you speak at home, then a name. Each step is a small negotiation and almost nobody involved calls it coming out.

Where it does turn formal is paperwork. The draft hall. HR. A landlord. A hospital form. Those are the moments you cannot handle by implication.

Abroad it is a different job. You end up explaining a whole country before you can explain yourself, usually to someone who decided what you were before you opened your mouth.

Nearby identities

The distinction is the useful part. Names without a link don’t have a page yet.

Phuying kham phet (Thai trans woman)

Often the same people. This is the plain, modern, dignified term, and many Thai trans women use it precisely to get away from kathoey. If you are a woman and say so, this word may simply serve you better.

Sao praphet song

Second-type lady. Same territory, softer register, heavy pageant and showbiz associations. Polite in most mouths, faintly euphemistic in others.

Tut

Casual Thai for an effeminate gay man. Affectionate between friends, an insult from a stranger. Overlaps with kathoey at the edges — and treating the two as the same thing is one of the things kathoey most often object to.

Gay man

A man who likes men and remains a man. Some kathoey passed through here; many never did. The dividing line is whether womanhood is in it, not how you dress on a Saturday.

Tom and dee

The Thai categories on the other side. Tom is masculine, usually female-assigned; dee is the feminine woman who dates a tom. Different words, different world, not kathoey.

Trans woman (international term)

Widely used in Thailand now, especially by younger people and activists. Narrower than kathoey: it says woman and stops there. Kathoey does not commit to that.

Intersex

The oldest use of kathoey covered people born with intersex bodies. Today they are separate things, and running them together is out of date and unhelpful to both.

Bakla, waria, hijra, māhū, fa'afafine, muxe

Other peoples' words for roughly parallel positions, each with its own history, religion and legal mess. They are not translations of one another, and none of them is a spare label going free.

Bakla → · Waria → · Hijra → · Māhū → · Fa’afafine → · Muxe →

Side by side

One pair written up side by side.

It might not be you if…

  • You are not Thai and have no life in Thailand. Reading about it is fine. Wearing it is not.
  • You visited, loved it, and felt something. That was a holiday, not a gender.
  • You were assigned female at birth. Whatever you are, this is not the word — look at tom, at trans man, at phuchai kham phet.
  • You are a feminine gay man who is clear that you are a man. People will aim this word at you anyway. You do not have to accept delivery.
  • You are a Thai trans woman who finds the word demeaning. Then it is not yours to be. Phuying kham phet is right there, and nobody gets to file you under this.
  • You want a spiritual or ceremonial third gender. This is not one. Kathoey has no ritual role and has never claimed one.
  • You want the glamour without the ID card, the draft hall, the interview that goes nowhere and the money you send home every month. That is a look, not a life.

On the hard days

The paperwork days. The ID handed back with a second glance. The draft at twenty-one, in a hall full of men, waiting to be examined and recorded — the exemption used to be written up as a mental illness, and it took years of campaigning to get that wording changed.

The joke days. The sitcom, the radio bit, the colleague doing the voice at lunch. You laugh, then you sit in the car for a while before going back in.

The unsafe days. Violence against kathoey happens, and it is not always investigated with much energy, and everyone knows a name.

And the quiet one that catches people off guard. Being popular. Being everyone's favourite. Then noticing that nobody has ever asked you a serious question about your future.

Questions people ask

Is 'kathoey' an insult?

It depends who says it, how, and to whom — and Thai people genuinely disagree about it. Between friends it is ordinary. From a stranger on a bus it lands like a slap. If you are not Thai, do not use it about anyone; use their name, or trans woman. If you are Thai, you already read tone better than any page can teach you.

Is kathoey the same as being transgender?

Overlapping, not identical. Many kathoey are trans women and would say so in either language. But the word also covers people who do not call themselves women, and it drags a whole social position along with it — the jobs, the jokes, the family arrangement — that the word transgender does not carry.

I'm not Thai. Can I call myself kathoey?

No. It is not a treat you are being denied; it is a word that belongs to a specific place and to people who pay its actual costs. If something in the description felt like you, the honest names for that are trans woman, or non-binary, or still working it out.

Can kathoey change their gender on their ID, or get married?

Marriage, yes — Thailand's marriage equality law came into force in 2025, so you can marry a man; it registers as a same-sex marriage. Legal gender is the piece still missing. As things stand there is no way to change the sex recorded on your Thai ID or the prefix on your name, no matter what surgery you have had. Bills have been drafted more than once. Check where it stands now before you rely on it.

Kai Moss Editor (pen name)

Last updated · How these pages are written and checked

No flag is shown because none is settled. Text: written from how people who use the word Kathoey describe it.

This is not a clinical instrument, not a diagnosis, and not evidence of anything about anyone. It describes experiences so you can recognise your own — or rule them out.